Student agency
The ability and willingness to influence one’s own learning through purposeful choices and actions—active participation rather than passive receipt of content.
Real-world extension: Supports long-term motivation and learning how to learn.
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Self-directed learning
Students manage important parts of their own learning process—choices, strategies, and self-monitoring—involving motivation, strategic action, and metacognition.
Real-world extension: Matters in maker projects and optional extensions where learners decide how far to push an idea.
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Inquiry
Students ask questions, make observations, test ideas, and develop explanations using evidence. Inquiry is more than hands-on—it is doing the work of science.
Real-world extension: Inquiry skills transfer to engineering, civics, and evidence-based media literacy.
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Curiosity
The drive to ask, notice, and seek out what is not yet understood—connected to deeper thinking and intrinsic motivation.
Real-world extension: Especially powerful in informal STEM because it can sustain effort without grades or prizes.
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Goal setting
Deciding what you want to accomplish and how you will know you are getting there.
Real-world extension: In camp, goals can stay small—finish one robot behavior, compare two designs, or answer one question well.
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Metacognition
Thinking about thinking: planning, monitoring, evaluating, and adjusting your approach while learning.
Real-world extension: Helps students decide when to persist, switch strategies, or ask for help.
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Collaboration
Learners investigate, explain, and build with others rather than only working alone.
Real-world extension: Real engineering and science are usually team efforts—collaboration is realistic practice.
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Transfer
Using an idea or habit learned in one setting in a different setting.
Real-world extension: Project Zero routines like Connect–Extend–Challenge and Reflect–Connect–Project make those bridges explicit.
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